RIGHT TO DIGITAL ACCESS UNDER ARTICLE 21 & INCLUSIVE KYC NORMS
TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU
On April 30, 2024, the Supreme Court docket directed the revision of digital KYC procedures to make them accessible for individuals with disabilities (PwDs). It interpreted Article 21 of the Structure to incorporate the ‘proper to digital entry’, highlighting obstacles confronted by visually impaired people and acid assault survivors throughout on-line id verification.
Supreme Court docket’s Stand
The courtroom reaffirmed that digital accessibility is a constitutional necessity, forming a part of the correct to life and dignity beneath Article 21.
In its judgment, the SC:
-
- Acknowledged digital entry as a elementary proper.
- Cited Articles 14, 15, and 38 to make sure equality and social justice.
- Ordered authorities to revise KYC norms with accessibility as a core precept.
- Emphasised the broader impression on aged, rural customers, and different susceptible teams.
Why is KYC Verification Wanted?
- To combat cash laundering and unlawful actions, the Prevention of Cash Laundering Act, 2002 makes KYC obligatory for banks and establishments.
- It’s required for accessing important companies like: Opening financial institution or demat accounts, Getting cellular SIMs or insurance coverage, Receiving authorities advantages like pensions or DBTs
- The RBI’s 2016 KYC launched the Video-based Buyer Identification Course of (V-CIP) for distant verification, which incorporates: Importing selfies, OTP authentication, Studying a flashing code onscreen
Authorized Safety for PwDs
- The Structure, through Elementary Rights and Directive Rules, helps equal rights for all, together with PwDs.
- The Rights of Individuals with Disabilities (RPwD) Act, 2016 promotes a social barrier mannequin, recognizing that incapacity outcomes from each bodily impairments and social/environmental obstacles.
- Part 42 of the RPwD Act requires the federal government to make all digital, audio, and print content material accessible utilizing common design rules like signal language, captions, and audio descriptions.
Challenges Confronted by PwDs
Visually impaired individuals and acid assault survivors face main hurdles with present digital KYC norms:
-
- Duties like studying flashing codes or capturing selfies should not potential for blind customers.
- Web sites and apps lack options like display reader compatibility, audio directions, or contact navigation.
- Thumb impressions are sometimes not accepted as legitimate signatures; PAN playing cards can’t be issued with them.
- Aadhaar-based biometric techniques additionally exclude many attributable to poor accessibility in scanners and units.
- RBI guidelines prohibit any prompting or help, leaving PwDs with out assist throughout verification.
ARTICLE 21 – PROTECTION OF LIFE AND PERSONAL LIBERTY
Article 21 states: “No individual shall be disadvantaged of his life or private liberty besides based on process established by regulation.”
- It applies to each residents and non-citizens.
Expansive Interpretation
- Over time, the Supreme Court docket has expanded Article 21 to incorporate a variety of rights akin to:
-
-
- Proper to privateness
- Proper to livelihood
- Proper to well being and schooling
- Proper to wash atmosphere
-
Due Technique of Legislation
- Within the Maneka Gandhi case (1978), the courtroom interpreted that any regulation affecting private liberty have to be simply, truthful, and affordable – not simply procedurally appropriate.
Judicial Activism
- Article 21 has change into the basis of judicial activism in India, enabling the courts to guard human dignity and welfare by Public Curiosity Litigations (PILs).
Conclusion
The Supreme Court docket’s resolution is a step towards making certain digital inclusion for all, particularly the disabled. It underlines the necessity to create techniques that permit equal entry to important companies in a digital age.
NEW BEGINNING – SYRIA SHOULD DISMANTLE ARMED GROUPS AND ADOPT INCLUSIVE CONSTITUTION
TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU
Ahmed al-Sharaa (previously al-Qaeda-linked chief) met U.S. President Donald Trump after Syria’s Islamist group HTS seized energy in Damascus in 2024. With U.S. lifting sanctions and world diplomatic recognition, a brand new chapter begins for Syria amid issues over extremism and minority rights.
New Syrian Management
- Ahmed al-Sharaa, beforehand generally known as Abu Mohammad al-Jolani, led Jabhat al-Nusra, an al-Qaeda affiliate throughout Syria’s civil warfare.
- His group, now known as Hayat Tahrir al-Sham (HTS), took management of Damascus in December 2024, overthrowing Bashar al-Assad’s secular regime.
- As soon as a wished terrorist, he’s now gaining acceptance internationally, assembly world leaders together with these from the U.S., France, and Qatar.
Shift in Worldwide Method
- The U.S. lifted decades-long sanctions on Syria, permitting financial reintegration and potential international funding, particularly within the oil and fuel sector.
- Arab nations and Western powers are participating with the brand new Syrian management, hoping for regional stability and reconstruction alternatives.
- This recognition provides Syria a uncommon probability to rebuild after years of battle, however with situations on governance and human rights.
Rising Inner Tensions and Dangers
- Regardless of guarantees of reform, sectarian violence continues:
- Alawite communities (linked to former President Assad) have been attacked in Latakia.
- Druze minorities report focused violence and name it a “genocidal marketing campaign”.
- Kurds within the northeast demand autonomy and democratic governance, opposing HTS’s central management.
- There are fears of Syria turning into like Libya or Afghanistan, the place violent energy struggles weakened state buildings.
The Highway Forward for Syria
- Disbanding armed extremist teams is important to forestall future instability.
- The federal government should draft a new, inclusive structure that ensures equal rights for all ethnic and spiritual teams.
- Minority protections, girls’s rights, and democratic processes must be safeguarded.
- A decentralised governance mannequin might assist accommodate Syria’s various inhabitants.
- Lengthy-term peace relies on balancing non secular ideologies with fashionable state-building rules.
SYRIAN CIVIL WAR (2011)
- Triggered by the Arab Spring, peaceable protests started towards President Bashar al-Assad’s rule.
- Crackdowns turned the motion right into a full-scale civil warfare, with a number of factions: Assad regime, insurgent teams, Kurdish militias, and later, extremist forces.
Rise of ISIS (2013–2014)
- ISIS (Islamic State of Iraq and Syria) took benefit of the battle’s chaos.
- Seized massive elements of jap Syria and western Iraq and declared a “caliphate” in 2014, with Raqqa as their capital.
- Recognized for mass executions, beheadings, destruction of heritage websites, and world terror plots.
World Involvement
- Russia supported Assad with airstrikes and advisors (from 2015).
- U.S.-led coalition focused ISIS and backed Kurdish-led Syrian Democratic Forces (SDF).
- Iran despatched militias and funding to defend Assad.
- Turkey opposed each Assad and Kurdish teams, launching cross-border operations.
Defeat of ISIS Caliphate (2019)
- After main offensives by the SDF and U.S. forces, ISIS misplaced its final stronghold – Baghouz – in 2019.
- Whereas its territory collapsed, ISIS stays energetic through sleeper cells and sporadic assaults in Syria, Iraq, and past.
Present Geopolitical Image
- Assad controls most of Syria, however Kurdish forces, Turkey, U.S. troops, and insurgent factions nonetheless maintain elements of the nation.
- The warfare induced over 500,000 deaths and thousands and thousands of refugees.
- Deepened Sunni-Shia rivalries, U.S.-Russia tensions, and Turkey-Kurdish battle.
Conclusion
Syria has an opportunity for restoration and peace, however provided that its leaders prioritise inclusive governance, justice, and unity. With out this, the nation might once more fall into violence and division.
BIHAR’S HIGH FERTILITY RATE AND ITS LINK TO POVERTY AND DEVELOPMENT
TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU
The Pattern Registration System (SRS) Report 2021 has revealed that Bihar has the best Complete Fertility Charge (TFR) in India at 3.0, whereas the nationwide common is 2.0. This raises questions in regards to the position of poverty, social customs, and improvement in influencing fertility traits.
Bihar’s TFR
- The Complete Fertility Charge (TFR) is the common variety of youngsters a girl is anticipated to have throughout her reproductive years.
- Bihar’s TFR has been caught at round 3.0 for the previous 6–7 years.
- The State is projected to succeed in replacement-level fertility (TFR 2.1) solely by 2039, making it the slowest in fertility transition in India.
Function of Poverty in Excessive Fertility
- Whereas poverty has declined in Bihar (as per NITI Aayog’s Multidimensional Poverty Index), TFR stays excessive.
- Financial hardship usually leads households to have extra youngsters for labour and safety.
- Nevertheless, specialists argue that poverty alone doesn’t clarify the excessive fertility; cultural preferences additionally play a key position.
Cultural and Social Components
- In Bihar, solely 49.6% of ladies consider two youngsters are ideally suited, in comparison with 67% nationally.
- There’s a sturdy choice for sons, particularly in rural and landed households.
- Households usually purpose for at the very least two sons, resulting in bigger households attributable to organic uncertainty.
City-Rural Fertility Hole in Bihar
- Rural TFR in Bihar is 3.1, whereas city TFR is 2.3, each larger than the nationwide common.
- Surprisingly, city areas in Bihar, which usually have higher schooling and assets, additionally present above-replacement fertility, indicating a acutely aware alternative to have extra youngsters.
Impression of Feminine Schooling and Autonomy
- Feminine literacy in Bihar was solely 53% in 2011, affecting fertility conduct.
- Educated girls are likely to desire smaller households, however social restrictions and low autonomy restrict their decision-making energy.
- Research present that mothers-in-law usually management entry to well being staff (ASHA), decreasing girls’s publicity to household planning.
Financial and Institutional Obstacles
- Bihar stays one of many least industrialized states, with excessive unemployment and poor major schooling.
- Low urbanization and job shortage affect household selections to have extra youngsters for future financial safety.
Political Implications
- With excessive TFR and rising inhabitants, States like Bihar, UP, and MP might find yourself with bigger parliamentary constituencies post-delimitation.
- Southern states with decrease TFR worry being penalized for higher demographic administration, elevating issues about truthful illustration in future governance.
Complete Fertility Charge (TFR)
Complete Fertility Charge (TFR) refers back to the common variety of youngsters a girl is anticipated to provide start to throughout her lifetime, assuming she passes by her childbearing years following present age-specific fertility charges.
- It’s a key demographic indicator to measure inhabitants progress or decline.
- A TFR of two.1 is taken into account the substitute degree fertility, that means the inhabitants will stay secure with out migration.
TFR – India & Regional Comparisons (As per NFHS-5, 2019–21)
- India’s general TFR has dropped to 2.0, which is beneath substitute degree.
- Southern states have considerably decrease TFRs:
- Kerala: 1.8
- Tamil Nadu: 1.6
- Karnataka: 1.7
- Andhra Pradesh: 1.7
TFR in Bihar – Nonetheless Excessive
- Bihar’s TFR is 3.0, the highest within the nation, regardless of falling from earlier ranges.
- Components contributing to excessive fertility in Bihar embody:
- Early marriage and teenage being pregnant
- Low feminine literacy
- Poor entry to household planning and reproductive well being companies
- Socio-economic and cultural preferences for bigger households
Conclusion
Bihar’s excessive fertility charge is formed by a complicated mixture of poverty, cultural norms, schooling ranges, and financial alternatives. Addressing these challenges requires a multi-pronged strategy combining schooling, healthcare, girls empowerment, and job creation.
ARTICLE 143 REFERENCE BY THE PRESIDENT
TOPIC: (GS2) INDIAN POLITY: THE HINDU
President Droupadi Murmu has invoked Article 143(1) to hunt the Supreme Court docket’s opinion on 14 constitutional questions associated to the roles of the Governor and the President in giving assent to State Payments. This follows the April 2024 Supreme Court docket ruling introducing the concept of “deemed assent,” which triggered a big debate.
Background and Significance of Article 143
- Article 143(1) empowers the President to seek the advice of the Supreme Court docket on questions of regulation or truth of public significance.
- The Court docket’s opinion is advisory in nature, not binding, however carries sturdy authorized and constitutional affect.
- This provision ensures institutional stability and constitutional readability on delicate issues.
Related Articles
- Article 200: Offers the Governor 4 decisions on State Payments – assent, withhold assent, reserve for President, or return (if not a cash invoice).
- Article 201: Empowers the President to approve, reject, or return Payments reserved by the Governor.
- Article 361: Grants the President and Governors private immunity from courtroom proceedings.
- Article 142: Offers SC powers to go orders for “full justice”.
- Article 131: Permits the SC to settle Centre-State disputes.
- Article 145(3): Constitutional interpretation have to be carried out by a minimal five-judge bench.
Key Constitutional Questions Referred to SC BY PRESIDENT
- Governor’s Powers on Payments: What choices can a Governor legally train when a Invoice is offered to them?
- Function of State Cupboard: Is the Governor sure by the recommendation of the State’s Council of Ministers?
- Judicial Scrutiny of Governor’s Selections: Can the Governor’s discretion beneath Article 200 be challenged in courtroom?
- Limits of Judicial Overview beneath Article 361: Does Article 361 fully defend the Governor from authorized examination?
- Can Courts Set Deadlines?: Can judicial timelines be imposed for motion beneath Article 200?
- President’s Discretion beneath Article 201: Can the President’s position on reserved Payments be legally reviewed?
- Court docket-Imposed Timelines on President?: Can the Court docket dictate how and when the President should act?
- Should President Search SC Recommendation Once more?: Ought to the President at all times refer Payments to the SC when reserved by the Governor?
- Court docket Interference Earlier than Invoice Turns into Legislation: Can courts intervene in a Invoice’s content material earlier than it turns into regulation?
- Can SC Use Article 142 to Overrule Governors?: Can the SC override Presidential/Gubernatorial powers?
- Authorized Standing of Payments With out Assent: Is a Invoice handed by a legislature however pending assent thought of regulation?
- Interpretation Wants Structure Bench?: Ought to all such circumstances be determined by a 5-judge Structure Bench?
- Scope of Article 142 – Substantive Legislation?: Can SC use Article 142 to go orders that override present legal guidelines?
- Is Article 131 the Solely Route for Centre-State Disputes?: Are different SC jurisdictions additionally accessible past Article 131?
Earlier Occasions on This Subject
- April 2024 Supreme Court docket Verdict: Launched “deemed assent” if the Governor delays a Invoice past an affordable time, stirring constitutional debate.
- Tamil Nadu-Governor Battle: Disputes over delays in assent by Governor R.N. Ravi raised the difficulty of Governor’s accountability.
- Punjab & Kerala Instances: Related tensions have arisen the place State governments accused Governors of withholding Payments with out justification.
Why This Matter Is Constitutionally Essential
- These questions contact on federal construction, separation of powers, and democratic functioning.
- It would assist make clear the limits of constitutional workplaces just like the Governor and the President.
- It could additionally resolve disputes arising from Centre-State tensions and enhance legislative effectivity.
Separation of Powers in India:
India follows a purposeful separation of powers – The Structure divides powers among the many Legislature (makes legal guidelines), Government (implements legal guidelines), and Judiciary (interprets legal guidelines), making certain a system of checks and balances.
Nevertheless, there isn’t any strict separation – In contrast to the U.S., India has a blended system the place some overlap exists (e.g., the chief is a part of the legislature), however every organ is anticipated to perform independently inside its area.
-
-
- Legislature (Parliament & State Assemblies) – makes legal guidelines.
- Government (President, Prime Minister, and Council of Ministers) – implements legal guidelines.
- Judiciary (Supreme Court docket, Excessive Courts, Subordinate Courts) – interprets and enforces legal guidelines.
-
Constitutional Foundation:
-
-
- Article 50: Directs the State to separate the judiciary from the chief within the public companies of the State.
- Articles 121 & 211: Bar dialogue in legislatures on the conduct of judges.
- Article 122 & 212: Defend legislative proceedings from judicial interference.
-
No Inflexible Separation – Solely a Doctrine of Restricted Separation:
India does not observe a strict separation just like the U.S.
- There may be interdependence: Government is drawn from the legislature (e.g., Prime Minister is an MP).
- Judiciary can declare legal guidelines handed by legislature unconstitutional (judicial evaluate – Article 13, Article 32, Article 226).
- Checks and Balances exist, however the roles overlap in observe to make sure coordinated governance.
INDUS WATERS TREATY: NEED FOR REASSESSMENT AMID CLIMATE CHANGE
TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: THE HINDU
India has put the Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) on maintain, citing repeated cross-border terror assaults, together with the current Pahalgam assault that killed 26 Indian vacationers. India additionally raised the necessity to revise the outdated treaty, which was signed in 1960 and doesn’t account for local weather change impacts like glacier soften, rising temperatures, and altered river flows.
Background of the Treaty
- The Indus Waters Treaty (IWT) was signed between India and Pakistan in 1960, brokered by the World Financial institution.
- It allocates water from the Indus, Jhelum, and Chenab rivers to Pakistan and Ravi, Beas, and Sutlej to India.
- The treaty has survived a number of wars and conflicts, however tensions have risen in current a long time.
Why the Treaty Wants Revision
Modified Geopolitical State of affairs
- In 1960, India and Pakistan had smaller populations and fewer city areas.
- Now, India’s inhabitants has grown to 1.46 billion, and Pakistan’s to 255 million, placing strain on water assets.
- Terror assaults and diplomatic tensions additionally have an effect on cooperation.
Local weather Change Results
- Melting Himalayan glaciers are altering river flows.
- Heatwaves, floods, and droughts have change into extra frequent and intense.
- These adjustments have been not thought of within the authentic treaty.
Water Mismanagement
- Each nations have centered on growing water provide, somewhat than managing demand.
- Agriculture makes use of 85–90% of water in each nations.
- Water tables are falling sharply in Punjab on either side attributable to overuse.
Rising City & Power Demand
- Extra individuals residing in cities means larger water use for properties and industries.
- Excessive warmth will increase the want for electrical energy, and energy vegetation want water for cooling.
- This places extra strain on river techniques.
Lacking Components within the Treaty
- IWT offers solely with floor water, ignoring: Groundwater utilization, Water high quality, Demand-side administration
- There’s no flexibility or built-in evaluate mechanism to adapt to altering wants.
Manner Ahead
- India and Pakistan should work in the direction of a modernized treaty that features local weather realities.
- Each must rethink water use in agriculture and put money into environment friendly practices.
- A revised treaty ought to embody local weather adaptation, joint information sharing, and versatile water governance.
RIVERS INCLUDED IN THE INDUS WATERS TREATY:
- Indus River – Originates in Tibet and flows by Ladakh into Pakistan, forming the principle river of the Indus system, allotted to Pakistan.
- Jhelum River – Rises from Verinag in Jammu & Kashmir and flows into Pakistan, essential for Pakistan’s irrigation, allotted to Pakistan.
- Chenab River – Originates in Himachal Pradesh and flows by Jammu & Kashmir into Pakistan, allotted to Pakistan.
- Ravi River – Originates in Himachal Pradesh and flows alongside the India-Pakistan border earlier than getting into Pakistan, allotted to India.
- Beas River – Totally flows inside India, originating from Himachal Pradesh and becoming a member of the Sutlej, allotted to India.
- Sutlej River – Originates in Tibet, flows by Himachal Pradesh and Punjab earlier than getting into Pakistan, allotted to India.
Conclusion:
With rising geopolitical stress and the rising impression of local weather change, the Indus Waters Treaty should evolve from a inflexible pact to a dynamic settlement that ensures cooperative and sustainable water sharing.
DESALINATION TECHNOLOGY
TOPIC: (GS3) SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY: THE HINDU
The Defence Analysis and Improvement Organisation (DRDO) has created a brand new indigenous polymer-based membrane for seawater desalination. This improvement helps the Indian Coast Guard’s want for dependable freshwater onboard ships and is a part of the Aatmanirbhar Bharat initiative.
Desalination Expertise
- Desalination is the strategy of eradicating salts and minerals from seawater to make it appropriate for ingesting or industrial use.
- It’s particularly vital in coastal and arid areas the place freshwater sources are restricted.
Improvement by DRDO
- The brand new desalination membrane was developed by Defence Supplies Shops Analysis and Improvement Institution (DMSRDE), Kanpur.
- The membrane is high-pressure, nanoporous, and multilayered, designed to endure harsh marine environments.
- It tackles issues brought on by chloride ions in saline water, which frequently degrade standard membranes.
- This membrane enhances self-sufficiency in contemporary water provide for Indian Coast Guard vessels like Offshore Patrol Vessels (OPVs).
Strategic Significance
- Boosts India’s defence capabilities by making certain contemporary water onboard throughout prolonged sea missions.
- Promotes indigenous expertise and reduces dependency on international desalination techniques.
- Helps the Aatmanirbhar Bharat (Self-Reliant India) imaginative and prescient within the defence and marine sectors.
Strategies of Desalination
Reverse Osmosis (RO)
- Makes use of a semi-permeable membrane and exterior strain to separate pure water from salt water.
- Efficient for eradicating Complete Dissolved Solids (TDS) from seawater (sometimes round 35,000 ppm) right down to potable ranges (200–500 ppm).
Thermal Desalination
- Includes heating saline water till it evaporates after which condensing the steam to gather contemporary water.
- Generally used the place waste warmth is out there, akin to in energy vegetation.
How Reverse Osmosis Works
- Usually, water strikes from low to excessive solute focus (osmosis).
- In RO, strain is utilized to power water from excessive to low solute focus—reverse to pure circulation.
- Solely water molecules go by the membrane; salts and impurities are blocked.
Conclusion
DRDO’s innovation enhances maritime sustainability and showcases technological development in water remedy. The initiative is a step ahead in addressing freshwater shortage and attaining self-reliance in vital defence infrastructure.
GOLDEN DRAGON 2025
TOPIC: (GS2) INTERNATIONAL RELATIONS: INDIAN EXPRESS
Golden Dragon is a bilateral navy train between China and Cambodia, began in 2016. It goals to enhance defence cooperation, strategic coordination, and disaster-response capabilities.
Golden Dragon 2025
- The 2025 version is the largest model to this point, involving air, naval, and floor forces.
- Held at Ream Naval Base, Sihanoukville (Southern Cambodia), which not too long ago welcomed Chinese language warships.
- The bottom’s improvement marks China’s rising naval presence within the Gulf of Thailand.
Key Options
- The official theme focuses on counter-terrorism operations and humanitarian help.
- Demonstrates China’s rising defence expertise, together with: Reconnaissance and fight drones, Surgical robots for battlefield use, Robotic canines, exhibiting curiosity in AI-based warfare techniques.
Geopolitical Considerations
- The drills coincide with the Balikatan 2025 train, led by the U.S., Philippines, Australia, and Japan.
- Raises alarms about China getting access to dual-use navy ports in Cambodia, much like:n Sri Lanka’s Hambantota Port, Pakistan’s Gwadar Port
Strategic Significance
- Reveals China’s potential to develop navy affect past its borders.
- Suits into the “String of Pearls” technique, the place China develops a community of ports throughout the Indian Ocean to guard its pursuits.
Conclusion
Golden Dragon 2025 displays China’s rising navy ambitions in Southeast Asia and highlights the continued energy contest within the Indo-Pacific area.
AGAMAS
T TOPIC: (GS2) POLITY: THE HINDU
The Supreme Court docket has requested a Madras Excessive Court docket committee to submit a report inside three months to tell apart between Agamic and non-Agamic temples in Tamil Nadu. The problem is important for managing temple rituals and preserving historical non secular traditions.
What are Agamas?
- Agamas are a gaggle of Hindu non secular texts that information worship, rituals, temple design, and non secular practices.
- The time period “Agama” means “that which has come down” — referring to teachings handed by generations.
- These texts present detailed directions on:
- Philosophy and cosmology
- Meditation and totally different types of yoga
- Use of mantras
- Constructing temples and idol worship
- Methods to meet non secular and materials objectives
Important Branches of Agamic Texts
- Shaiva Agamas – associated to the worship of Lord Shiva
- Vaishnava Agamas – centered on Lord Vishnu
- Shakta Agamas (Tantras) – dedicated to Goddess Shakti
Relation with Vedas
- Although Agamas should not derived from the Vedas, they don’t contradict Vedic teachings.
- They’re thought of Vedic in spirit, which supplies them non secular authority.
Relevance in Tamil Nadu Temples
- Many temples in South India, particularly in Tamil Nadu, observe Agamic guidelines for:
- Day by day rituals
- Festivals
- Temple administration
- Correct classification between Agamic and non-Agamic temples impacts how rituals are carried out and who can carry out them.
Why It Issues
- The identification course of will assist in preserving conventional non secular practices.
- It additionally raises points associated to temple autonomy, priest appointments, and state management over non secular establishments.
Conclusion
The examine of Agamic and non-Agamic temples is essential for defending India’s temple heritage, particularly in Tamil Nadu the place Agama traditions form each day worship practices.
The submit Day by day Present Affairs 16-Could-2025 first appeared on Ekam IAS Academy.
